Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles 1999

Nebraska Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQQ) - 1999

Metadata:


Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources in work-share agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 200004
Title:
Nebraska Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQQ) - 1999
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Lincoln, Nebraska - United States
Publisher: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources in work-share agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: http://dnr.nebraska.gov/digital-imagery-1993-through-2012-1-2-meter
Description:
Abstract:
A digital ortho-photograph is a digital image of an aerial photograph with image distortion removed, and corrected for aircraft pitch, yaw and altitude, landscape relief, and camera lens (optic correction) orientation. These DOQs are developed from 1999 NAPP flight coverage flown under the National Aerial Photography Program. The aerial photographs are exposed using 10-inch wide film at 20,000 feet above land surface, with 6 inch focal length camera, resulting in 1:40,000 scale image. The digital (scanned) image is rectified to orthographic projections by processing each image pixel through photogrammetric equations derived from photo-identifiable GPS ground control points, camera calibration from orientation parameters, and the digital elevation model data base. The finished product is a spatially accurate image with identifiable features represented in their true planimetric positions. This digital image is a GIS product which can be overlaid and manipulated like any other coverage or layer, and offers significant flexibility. The National Mapping Standards for primary digital orthophotoquad (DOQ) require a 1-meter ground resolution for quarter-quadrangle (3.75-minutes of latitude by 3.75-minutes of longitude) image cast on the Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM) on the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) and mapped to 1:12,000 scale. The geographic extext of the DOQ is equivalent to a quarter-quad plus the overedge of 100 meters beyond the extremes of the primary and secondary corner points. The overedge is included to facilitate tonal matching for mosaicking and for the placement of the NAD83 and secondary datum corner ticks. The normal orientation of data is by lines (rows) and samples (columns). Each line contains a series of pixels ordered from west to east with the order of the lines from north to south. The standard, archived digital orthophoto is formatted as four ASCII header records, followed by a series of 8-bit binary image data records. The radiometric image brightness values are stored as 256 gray levels ranging from 0 to 255. The metadata provided in the digital orthophoto contain a wide range of descriptive information including format source information, production instrumentation and dates, and data to assist with displaying and georeferencing the image. The standard distribution format of COQs will be JPEG compressed images. The reconstituted image will exhibit some radiometric differences when compared to its uncompressed original but will retain the geometry of the uncompressed DOQ. The DOQs and COQs are distributed on tape or on CD-ROMs.
Purpose:
DOQ's serve a variety of purposes, from interim maps to field references for earth science investigations and analysis. The DOQ is useful as a layer of a geographic information system and as a tool for revision of digital line graphs and topographic maps. The DNR's applications include soils surveys, landuse, flood plain delineations, conservation practices, water resources planning, soil erosion assessments, watershed analysis, environmental impact assessment, disaster analysis, forestry inventory, and other resources management activities.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 200003
Ending_Date: unknown
Currentness_Reference:
ground condition
Status:
Progress: In work
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.053
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -096.064
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 43.002
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.001
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: DOQ
Theme_Keyword: DOQQ
Theme_Keyword: digital orthophoto
Theme_Keyword: digital orthophotoquad
Theme_Keyword: digital image map
Theme_Keyword: aerial photograph
Theme_Keyword: rectified photograph
Theme_Keyword: rectified image
Theme_Keyword: orthophoto
Theme_Keyword: quarter-quadrangle orthophoto
Theme_Keyword: 1-meter orthophoto
Theme_Keyword: 2-meter orhtophoto
Theme_Keyword: 3.75- x 3.75-minute orthophoto
Theme_Keyword: 7.5- x 7.5-minute orthophoto
Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Place_Keyword: Nebraska
Place_Keyword: County
Place_Keyword: USA
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
None. Acknowledgement of the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey efforts would be appreciated in products derived from this data.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources
Contact_Position: GIS Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
301 Centennial Mall South, P.O. Box 94676
City: Lincoln
State_or_Province: Nebraska
Postal_Code: 68509-4676
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 402-471-2363
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 402-471-2900
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dnr.gis@nebraska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8:00-5:00 CST
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.0.1770
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Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
During photographic reproduction of the source photography, limited analog dodging is performed to improve image quality. Analog dodging consists of holding back light from certain areas of the sensitized photographic material to avoid overexposure. The diapositive is inspected to insure clarity and radiometric uniformity. Diapositive image brightness values are collected with a minimum of image quality manipulation. Image brightness values may deviate from brightness values of the original imagery due to image value interpolation during the scanning and rectification processes. Radiometry is verified by visual inspection of the digital orthophoto quadrangle with the original unrectified image to determine if the digital orthophoto has the same or better image quality as the original unrectified input image. Slight systematic radiometric differences can be detected between adjacent DOQ files due primarily to differences in source photography capture dates and sun angles of aerial photography along flight lines. These differences can be observed in an image's general lightness or darkness when compared to adjacent DOQ file coverages.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
All DOQ header data and image file sizes are validated by the Tape Validation System (TVS) software prior to archiving in the USGS National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB), and prior to dissemination by the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources Data Bank. This validation procedure assures correct physical format and field values for header record elements. Logical relationships between header record elements are tested.
Completeness_Report:
All DOQ imagery is visually inspected for completeness to ensure that no gaps, or image misplacement exist in the 3.75' image area or in overedge coverage. DOQ images may be derived by mosaicking multiple images, in order to insure complete coverage. All DOQ's are cloud free within the 3.75' image area. Some clouds may, very infrequently, be encountered only in the overedge coverage. Source photography is leaf-off in deciduous vegetation regions. Void areas having a radiometric value of zero and appearing black may exist. These are areas for which no photographic source is available or result from image transformation from other planimetric systems to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). In the latter case, the void sliver areas are on the outside edges of the overedge area. The data set field content of each DOQ header record element is validated to assure completeness prior to archiving in the NDCDB.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
The DOQ horizontal positional accuracy and the assurance of that accuracy depend, in part, on the accuracy of the data inputs to the rectification process. These inputs consist of the digital elevation model (DEM),aerotriangulation control and methods, the photo source camera calibration, scanner calibration, and aerial photographs that meet National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) standards. The vertical accuracy of the verified USGS format DEM is equivalent to or better than a USGS level 2 DEM, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of no greater than 7.0 meters. Field control is acquired by third order class 1 or better survey methods sufficiently spaced to meet National Map Accuracy Staandards (NMAS) for 1:12,000-scale products. Aerial cameras have current certification from the USGS, National Mapping Division, Optical Science Laboratory. Test calibration scans are performed on all source photography scanners. Horizontal positional accuracy is determined by the Orthophoto Accuracy (ORACC) software program for DOQ data produced by the National Mapping Division. The program determines the accuracy by finding the line and sample coordinates of the passpoints in the DOQ and fitting these to their ground coordinates to develop a root mean square error (RMSE). From 4 to 9 points are checked. As a further accuracy test, the image line and sample coordinates of the DEM corners are transformed and compared with the actual X,Y DEM corner values to determine if they are within the RMSE. Additional information on this testing procedure can be found in U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Technical Instructions, ORACC Users Manual (draft): Reston, VA. Adjacent DOQ's, when displayed together in a common planimetric coordinate system, may exhibit slight positional discrepancies across common DOQ boundaries. Linear features, such as streets, may not be continuous. These edge mismatches, however, still conform to positional horizontal accuracy within the NMAS. Field investigations to validate DOQ positional accuracy reliabilty are periodically conducted by the USGS, National Mapping Division, Geometronics Standards Section. DOQ's produced by cooperators and contractors use similarly approved RMSE test procedures.
Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 1
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation:
U.S.Bureau of the Budget, 1947, United States National Map Accuracy Standard.
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources in work-share agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 199707
Title:
digital elevation model
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Lincoln, Nebraska - U.S.A
Publisher: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources in work-share agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey
Source_Scale_Denominator: 12000
Type_of_Source_Media: cartridge tape
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 199707
Ending_Date: unknown
Source_Currentness_Reference:
ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
DEM2
Source_Contribution:
Elevation data in the form of an ortho-DEM regridded to user-specified intervals and bounds.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 199707
Title:
photo ID number
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: rectified aerial photography image
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000
Type_of_Source_Media: cartridge tape and CD-ROMs
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 199707
Ending_Date: unknown
Source_Currentness_Reference:
ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
PHOTO1
Source_Contribution:
Panchromatic black and white (or color infra-red) NAPP or NAPP-like photograph. NAPP photographs are centered on the DOQ coverage area.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: Unpublished material
Title:
project ground and photo control
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: rectified aerial photography image
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Type_of_Source_Media: various media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 199707
Ending_Date: unknown
Source_Currentness_Reference:
ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
CONTROL_INPUT
Source_Contribution:
Horizontal and vertical control used to establish positions and elevations for reference and correlation purposes.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: Unpublished material
Title:
report of calibration
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: rectified aerial photography image
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Type_of_Source_Media: disc, paper
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 199707
Ending_Date: unknown
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Date of the camera calibration associated with the source photography
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
CAMERA_INPUT
Source_Contribution:
camera calibration parameters
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The production procedures, instrumentation, hardware and software used in the collection of standard USGS DOQ's vary depending on systems used at the contract, cooperator or USGS production sites. The majority of DOQ datasets are acquired through government contract. The process step describes, in general, the process used in the production of standard USGS DOQ data sets. The rectification process requires, as input, a user parameter file to control the rectification process, a digital elevation model (DEM1) gridded to user specified bounds, projection, zone, datum and X-Y units, a scanned digital image file (PHOTO1) covering the same area as the DEM, ground X-Y-Z point values (CONTROL_INPUT) and their conjugate photo coordinates in the camera coordinate system, and measurements of the fiducial marks (CAMERA_INPUT) in the digitized image. The camera calibration report (CAMERA_INPUT) provides the focal length of the camera and the distances in millimeters from the camera's optical center to the camera's 8 fiducial marks. These marks define the frame of reference for spatial measurements made from the photograph. Ground control points (CONTROL_INPUT) acquired from ground surveys or developed in aerotriangulation, are third order class 1 or better, and meet National Map Accuracy Standard (NMAS) for 1:12,000-scale. Ground control points are in the Universal Transverse Mercator or the State Plane Coordinate System on NAD83. Horizontal and vertical residuals of aerotriangulated tie-points are equal to or less than 2.5 meters. Standard aerotriangulation passpoint configuration consists of 9 ground control points, one near each corner, one at the center near each side and 1 near the center of the photograph, are used. The conjugate positions of the ground control points on the photograph are measured and recorded in camera coordinates. The raster image file (PHOTO_1) is created by scanning an aerial photograph film diapositive with a precision image scanner. An aperture of approximately 25 to 32 microns is used, with an aperture no greater than 32 microns permitted. Using 1:40,000-scale photographs, a 25-micron scan aperture equates to a ground resolution of 1-meter. The scanner converts the photographic image densities to gray scale values ranging from 0 to 255 for black and white photographs. Scan files with ground resolution less than 1 meter or greater than 1 meter but less than 1.28 meters are resampled to 1 meter. The principal elevation data source (DEM1) are standard DEM datasets from the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). DEM's that meet USGS standards are also produced by contractors to fulfill DOQ production requirements and are subsequently archived in the NDCDB. All DEM data is equivalent to or better than USGS DEM standard level 1. The DEM used in the production of DOQ's generally has a 30-meter grid post spacing and possesses a vertical RMSE of 7-meters or less. A DEM covering the extent of the photograph is used for the rectification. The DEM is traversed from user-selected minimum to maximum X-Y values and the DEM X-Y-Z values are used to find pixel coordinates in the digitized photograph using transformations mentioned above. For each raster image cell subdivision, a brightness or gray-scale value is obtained using nearest neighbor, bilinear, or cubic convolution resampling of the scanned image. The pixel processing algorithm is indicated in the header file . An inverse transformation relates the image coordinates referenced to the fiducial coordinate space back to scanner coordinate space. For those areas for which a 7.5-minute DEM is unavailable and relief differences are less than 150 feet, a planar-DEM (slope-plane substitute grid) may be used. Rectification Process: The photo control points and focal length are iteratively fitted to their conjugate ground control points using a single photo space resection equation. From this mathematical fit is obtained a rotation matrix of constants about the three axes of the camera. This rotation matrix can then be used to find the photograph or camera coordinates of any other ground X-Y-Z point. Next a two dimensional fit is made between the measured fiducial marks on the digitized photograph and their conjugate camera coordinates. Transformation constants are developed from the fit and the camera or photo coordinates are used in reverse to find their conjugate pixel coordiates on the digitized photograph. Quality Control: All data is inspected according to a quality control plan. DOQ contractors must meet DOQ standards for attribute accuracy, logical consistency, data completeness and horizontal positional accuracy. During the initial production phase, all rectification inputs and DOQ data sets are inspected for conformance to standards. After a production source demonstrates high quality, inspections will be made to 10% of delivery lots (40 DOQs per lot). All DOQ's are visually inspected for gross positional errors and tested for physical format standards.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
DEM1, PHOTO1, CONTROL_INPUT, CAMERA_INPUT
Process_Date: 200004
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources
Contact_Position: GIS Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
301 Centennial Mall South, P.O. Box 94676
City: Lincoln
State_or_Province: Nebraska
Postal_Code: 68509-4676
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 402-471-2363
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 402-471-2900
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gis@dnr.ne.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Metadata imported.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
D:\Metadata\doq\doq99\metadata.xml
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Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:
Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
Row_Count: 7625
Column_Count: 6060
Vertical_Count: 1
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Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Grid_Coordinate_System:
Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
UTM_Zone_Number: 13-15
Transverse_Mercator:
Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: .09996
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -99.000000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
False_Easting: 500000.
False_Northing: 0.0
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 1.000000
Ordinate_Resolution: 1.000000
Planar_Distance_Units: meters
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum 1983
Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
For DOQ's from panchromatic source each pixel contains an 8-bit gray-scale value between 0-255. A value of 0 represents the color black while a value of 255 represents the color white. All values between 0 and 255 are repesented as a shade of gray varying from black to white. For color-infrared and natural color DOQs' a digital number from 0 to 255 will also be asssigned to each pixel but that number will refer to a color look-up table which will contain the RGB red, blue and green (RGB) values, each from 0 to 255, for that digital number. Areas where the rectification process is incomplete due to incomplete data (i.e., lack of elevation data, gaps), are represented with the numeric value of 0.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992, Standards for digital orthophotos: Reston, VA.
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Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources
Contact_Position: GIS Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
301 Centennial Mall South, P.O. Box 94676
City: Lincoln
State_or_Province: NE
Postal_Code: 68509-4676
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 402 471-2363
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 402-471-2900
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dnr.gis@nebraska.gov
Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
Distribution_Liability:
None
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: BIL
Format_Version_Date: 20004
Transfer_Size: 2.262
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Offline_Option:
Offline_Media: CD-ROM
Recording_Capacity:
Recording_Density: 700
Recording_Density_Units: megabytes
Recording_Format: maybe compressed
Fees: The online copy of the ARC Export data set may be retrieved via web at no charge. For delivery of digital data in other formats there may be an additional charge plus the cost of the media.
Ordering_Instructions:
You can either order by leaving a message over the web site or call Nebraska Department of Natural Resources.
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20080821
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Nebraska Department of Natural Resources
Contact_Position: GIS Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
301 Centennial Mall South, P.O. Box 94676
City: Lincoln
State_or_Province: Nebraska
Postal_Code: 68509-4676
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 402 471-2363
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 402-471-2900
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dnr.gis@nebraska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8:00-5:00 CST
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
Metadata_Extensions:
Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html
Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile
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